Resilience management guidelines for critical infrastructures, translating resilience theory into practical and useful interventions

Resilience goes beyond safety and risk management encompassing the ability of organisations to proactively adapt to expected and unexpected situations (crisis, opportunities and changes). The literature on resilience is overwhelming, our systematic literature survey identified 300 different definitions on resilience, diverse developments. Hence, there is a need to translate this fragmented body of knowledge into consolidated practical solutions. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the final version of resilience management guidelines produced in the H2020 DARWIN project. Through a multidisciplinary approach, involving experts in the field of resilience, crisis and risk management and service providers in the Air Traffic Management, healthcare domains as well as representatives from other domains, the DARWIN project has produced evolving resilience management guidelines (DRMG). These guidelines are not prescriptive. Instead they enable organizations to have a critical view on their own crisis management activities. The DRMG are available in different formats for easy usage and maintenance to avoid them being dust-collectors on a shelf. In this way, organizations can adapt, adopt and integrate the guidelines into their own existing management practices and procedures. Through an iterative development process involving academia and practitioners, the guidelines are constructed around Capability Cards (CCs). The evaluation in pilot exercises and other activities involved 247 practitioners from 22 countries explored the possibility to adapt the CCs to the Healthcare and Air Traffic Management domains. It also consider the feasibility of generalizing them to other Critical Infrastructure domains. Our achievement is the current version of guidelines proposing practical interventions that end-users find useful. This paper represents and invitation to explore the content of the guidelines, to encourage its use and further developments of the resilience management

Shield human factors taxonomy and database for learning from aviation and maritime safety occurrences

Human factors (HF) in aviation and maritime safety occurrences are not always systematically analysed and reported in a way that makes the extraction of trends and comparisons possible in support of effective safety management and feedback for design. As a way forward, a taxonomy and data repository were designed for the systematic collection and assessment of human factors in aviation and maritime incidents and accidents, called SHIELD (Safety Human Incident and Error Learning Database). The HF taxonomy uses four layers: The top layer addresses the sharp end where acts of human operators contribute to a safety occurrence; the next layer concerns preconditions that affect human performance; the third layer describes decisions or policies of operations leaders that affect the practices or conditions of operations; and the bottom layer concerns influences from decisions, policies or methods adopted at an organisational level. The paper presents the full details, guidance and examples for the effective use of the HF taxonomy. The taxonomy has been effectively used by maritime and aviation stakeholders, as follows from questionnaire evaluation scores and feedback. It was found to offer an intuitive and well-documented framework to classify HF in safety occurrences

R-WAKE - Safety and robustness analysis

This report represents deliverable D5.2 Ed.2 'Safety and Robustness Analysis' of the R-WAKE projectand is part of WP5 (Simulation and Analysis) and has the objective to provide an evidence-basedproposal for either maintaining current separations, or adopting new potential separation schemes,that is, the R-WAKE Concept(s) to be further investigated. The R-WAKE project addresses the SESAR 2020 Exploratory Research work-programme topic ER-07-2015 - Separation Management and Separation Standards, within the area of Advanced Air Traffic Services (ATS). The R-WAKE project overall objective is to investigate the risks and hazards of potential wake vortex encounters in the En-route airspace, in current and futuristic operational scenarios, in order to assess potential enhancements for the Separation Standards and Separation Management methods in Europe. Deliverable 5.2 'Safety and Robustness Analysis' 2nd Edition covers the preliminary identification of hazards in the scope defined by R-WAKE, followed by the identification of the impacted Safety Services. A notable advancement in the SRA is the refinement of the Severity Matrix with Upset Parameter Threshold (SMUP) with the integration of the ATC point of view. The initial, adapted FAA Severity Matrix contains also the ATC perspective now. A summary of the second Expert Panel is also detailed in this document, as well as the results of the ATC focus group conducted in Padova. Finally, the elaboration of a new AIM model paves the road to the initial development of Safety Criteria, also present in this deliverable

R-WAKE - Safety and robustness analysis

This report represents deliverable D5.2 Ed.2 'Safety and Robustness Analysis' of the R-WAKE projectand is part of WP5 (Simulation and Analysis) and has the objective to provide an evidence-basedproposal for either maintaining current separations, or adopting new potential separation schemes,that is, the R-WAKE Concept(s) to be further investigated. The R-WAKE project addresses the SESAR 2020 Exploratory Research work-programme topic ER-07-2015 - Separation Management and Separation Standards, within the area of Advanced Air Traffic Services (ATS). The R-WAKE project overall objective is to investigate the risks and hazards of potential wake vortex encounters in the En-route airspace, in current and futuristic operational scenarios, in order to assess potential enhancements for the Separation Standards and Separation Management methods in Europe. Deliverable 5.2 'Safety and Robustness Analysis' 2nd Edition covers the preliminary identification of hazards in the scope defined by R-WAKE, followed by the identification of the impacted Safety Services. A notable advancement in the SRA is the refinement of the Severity Matrix with Upset Parameter Threshold (SMUP) with the integration of the ATC point of view. The initial, adapted FAA Severity Matrix contains also the ATC perspective now. A summary of the second Expert Panel is also detailed in this document, as well as the results of the ATC focus group conducted in Padova. Finally, the elaboration of a new AIM model paves the road to the initial development of Safety Criteria, also present in this deliverable

Synthesis of photoactive polymer colloids by polymerization in aqueous dispersed media to product singlet oxygen

International audienceAPME 2019: The 13thInternational Conference on Advanced Polymers via Macromolecular Engineering, 15-18April 2019, Stellenbosch, SASYNTHESIS OF PHOTOACTIVE POLYMER COLLOIDS BY POLYMERIZATION IN AQUEOUS DISPERSEDMEDIA TO PRODUCE SINGLET OXYGENCharlène Boussiron, Luca Petrizza, Mickaël Le Bechec, Sylvie Lacombe, Maud Save*CNRS/ Univ Pau & Pays Adour/ E2S UPPA, IPREM, Institut des Sciences Analytiqueset de Physicochimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux (IPREM), UMR5254, 64000, Pau, France.* email: [email protected] design of photoactive polymer substrates producing singlet oxygen under visible light irradiation has great technological potential. Production of singlet oxygen (1O2), a selective reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by irradiation under visible light of organic photosensitizers, has attracted increasing interest in the fields of fine chemistry,1photo-decontamination of air/water,2antimicrobial materials,3or Photodynamic Therapy (PDT).4Immobilization of photosensitizers on solid substrates improves their handling, recyclability, stability and facilitates purification steps to remove photocatalyst from reactants in fine chemistry. In that context, functional waterborne latex synthesized by the scalable emulsion polymerization process, are versatile to prepare photosensitizer-supported materials either as stable colloidal particles or as polymer film. We will present two strategies to design photosensitizer-grafted polymer colloids. First, film forming latex particle with a decorated shell will be synthesized by polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA, Fig. 1 left).5Secondly, crosslinked particles will be synthesized by miniemulsion copolymerization to produce core-functionalized particles(PISA, Fig. 1 right). The organic photosensitizer chosen to synthesize the functional monomer is the Rose Bengal molecule

Synthesis of Film-Forming Photoactive Latex Particles by Emulsion Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly to Produce Singlet Oxygen

International audienceThe design of photoactive polymer substrates producing singlet oxygen under visible light irradiation has great technological potential. Aqueous dispersion of novel photoactive core-shell particles was synthesized by surfactant-free reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) emulsion polymerization of n-butyl acrylate. The surface of the nanoparticles is directly decorated thanks to the polymerization-induced self-assembly process using a hydrophilic macromolecular chain transfer agent (macro-CTA) functionalized with the organic photosensitizer. The macro-CTA was synthesized by statistical copolymerization of acrylic acid and 2-Rose Bengal ethyl acrylate (RBEA) at 80 °C mediated with 4-cyano-4-[(dodecylsulfanylthiocarbonyl)sulfanyl]pentanoic acid. Monitoring polymerization kinetics of RAFT polymerization highlights that increasing amount of RBEA induces retardation, still more pronounced when using the vinylbenzyl Rose Bengal comonomer. The present work provides insight into the quantum yield of singlet oxygen production in water (ΦΔ = 0.2-0.6) for the three types of synthesized polymers (hydrophilic polymer, latex particles, and polymer film). The photoactive core-shell latex particles enabled the easy preparation of photoactive polymer film by simple casting

Tuning photosensitized singlet oxygen production from microgels synthesized by polymerization in aqueous dispersed media

International audienceNovel sub-micronic photoactive polymer colloids grafted with Rose Bengal (RB) photosensitizer were designed to promote singlet oxygen production from a supported organic photosensitizer. Photooxygenation of fine chemicals under visible light irradiation is considered as a green process. To enhance the overall process sustainability, stable colloidal particles were synthesized by polymerization in aqueous dispersed media with the ability to be transferred into ethanol, recycled by a centrifugation step and reused with no significant decrease of the quantum yield of singlet oxygen production. The microgels were synthesized for the first time by miniemulsion copolymerization of vinyl acetate (VAc), N-vinyl caprolactam (VCL), polymerizable vinyl benzyl Rose Bengal (VBRB) monomers and divinyl adipate (DVA) crosslinker. The microgels were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy and compared with the homologue non-crosslinked polymer in order to discriminate the effect of RB grafted onto the linear polymer from its grafting inside crosslinked microgels. The quantum yields of singlet oxygen production were almost null in water but interestingly in the range of 0.27–0.47 in ethanol. The singlet oxygen quantum yield of these polymer materials is tuned by the aggregation state of VBRB units, hence producing an ON/OFF photosensitizing colloidal system. The absorption and emission spectra of the VBRB containing microgels in water were characteristic of strongly aggregated VBRB, while no evidence of aggregation was observed from the spectra in ethanol. The highest singlet oxygen quantum yield of the linear polymer was correlated with a less aggregated state of RB units compared with the crosslinked microgels. The present RB-based microgels were 20% more resistant to photobleaching than free RB

The Organizational Response to Automation Support Degradation. Identifying Air Traffic Control Sources of Resilience in Cases of Radar Loss

Controllers working in Area Control Centres are supported by highly automated multi-radar tracking system displaying air traffic at different working positions. The automation provides and selects for the controllers the most relevant information associated to each aircraft and assists them while they issue instructions to pilots. But, what happens when the automation fails? These rare situations represent an example of abrupt transition from a highly automated to a severely degraded mode of operation. Exploring sources of resilience during this critical loss from highly automated tasks allows to better understand the effects of automation in a complex transportation system. Safety management and business continuity considerations were made during the DARWIN project whose goal is the development of resilience management guidelines for critical infrastructures. A specific part of the DARWIN resilience management guideline was applied to a loss of radar information scenario, based on the experience of a real event occurred in a European Area Control Centre, in order to assess the resilience responses to automation degradation. The DARWIN guideline concepts supported the identification of individual and organisational resilience mechanisms that allowed the Area Control Centre to operate in a severely degraded mode, with no negative effects on the safety and a very limited impact on the business continuity. Similar adaptive capacity mechanisms can be adopted, for analogy, in other critical transportation infrastructures that aim to achieve highly automated functionalities in the management of assisted human-machine interaction

The Development of Resilience Management Guidelines to Protect Critical Infrastructures in Europe

The capability to be resilient in the face of crises and disasters is a topic of highest political concern in Europe especially as far as critical infrastructures and urban environments are concerned. Critical infrastructures are systems or part of systems essential for the maintenance of vital societal functions, the disruption or destruction of which would have a significant impact on the well-being of people. Examples of them are transportation services, energy infrastructures, water and wastewater systems, health and emergency services, financial services, communication infrastructures, etc. The symposium focuses on the experience of four different projects funded under the Horizon 2020 Programme: DARWIN, RESILIENS, RESOLUTE, SMR. The projects are all dealing with the application of resilience engineering, community resilience and urban resilience concepts to concrete examples of crises and situations of emergency. Such principles are translated into guidelines covering different resilience abilities that the organizations managing critical infrastructure should possess

Efficient Photooxygenation Process of Biosourced α-Terpinene by Combining Controlled LED-Driven Flow Photochemistry and Rose Bengal-Anchored Polymer Colloids

International audienceThis work studies the reactivity of poly(N-vinylcaprolactam-co-vinyl acetate-co-vinylbenzyl Rose Bengal) microgels (VBRB@MG) as heterogeneous photosensitizers in a continuous-flow process for sustainable singlet oxygen sensitized photooxygenation of a bio-based molecule. Experiments were carried out in a LED-driven spiral-shaped microreactor in which slurry Taylor flows were generated, allowing accurate control of irradiation, light absorption and gas-liquid flow conditions. The benchmark photooxygenation of -terpinene was implemented in ethanol to provide a green solvent using air as a safe supply of oxygen. Swollen RB-grafted colloids formed an efficient substrate for converting -terpinene into ascaridole, providing up to high conversion with high selectivity under continuous-flow conditions, and within short residence times of a few minutes. The supported RB exhibited a reactivity similar to that of the free RB. The reactivity of the supported photosensitizer was maintained for several cycles with a reproducible level after 8 months of storage. Under experimental conditions favouring photobleaching of RB, the photobleaching level of RB was lower with the VBRB@MG colloids than with free RB, suggesting that grafting RB molecules onto the colloid can prevent their photodegradation. KEYWORDS Flow photochemistry. Singlet oxygen. Photoactive polymer colloids. Green conditions. Rose Bengal. Alpha-terpinene